Foreword
Preface
Symbols
1. Theoretical Foundation and Basic Properties of Thermal Radiation
1.1. Thermal Radiation Theory—Planck’s Law
1.2. Emissive Power and Radiation Characteristics
1.2.1. Description of Radiant Energy
1.2.2. Physical Radiation Characteristics
1.2.3. Monochromatic and Directional Radiation
1.3. Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation
1.3.1. Planck’s Law and Corollaries
1.3.2. Lambert’s Law
1.3.3. Kirchhoff’s Law
1.4. Radiativity of Solid Surfaces
1.4.1. Difference Between Real Surfaces and Blackbody Surfaces
1.4.2. Graybody
1.4.3. Diffuse Surfaces
1.5. Thermal Radiation Energy
1.5.1. Thermal Radiation Forms
1.5.2. Radiosity
1.6. Radiative Geometric Con. guration Factors
1.6.1. De. nition of the Con. guration Factor
1.6.2. Con. guration Factor Properties
1.6.3. Con. guration Factor Calculation
1.7. Simpli.ed Treatment of Radiative Heat Exchange in Engineering Calculations
1.7.1. Simpli. cation Treatment of Radiation Heat Transfer in Common Engineering Calculations
1.7.2. Discussion on Simpli. ed Conditions
2. Emission and Absorption of Thermal Radiation
2.1. Emission and Absorption Mechanisms
2.1.1. Molecular Spectrum Characteristics
2.1.2. Absorption and Radiation of Media
2.2. Radiativity of Absorbing and Scattering Media
2.2.1. Absorbing and Scattering Characteristics of Media
2.3. Scattering
2.4. Absorption and Scattering of Flue Gas
2.4.1. Radiation Intensity Characteristics
2.4.2. Exchange and Conservation of Radiant Energy
2.4.3. Mean Beam Length, Absorptivity, and Emissivity of Media
2.4.4. Gas Absorptivity and Emissivity
2.4.5. Flue Gas and Flame Emissivity
3. Radiation Heat Exchange Between Isothermal Surfaces
3.1. Radiative Heat Exchange Between Surfaces in Transparent Media
3.1.1. Radiative Heat Transfer of a Closed System Composed of Two Surfaces
3.1.2. Radiation Transfer of a Closed System Composed of Multiple Surfaces
3.1.3. Hole Radiative Heat Transfer
3.1.4. Radiative Heat Transfer of Hot Surface, Water Wall, and Furnace Wall
3.2. Radiative Heat Exchange Between an Isothermal Medium and a Surface
3.2.1. Heat Transfer Between a Medium and a Heating Surface
3.2.2. Heat Transfer Between a Medium and a Furnace
3.2.3. Calculating Radiative Heat Transfer According to Projected Heat
3.3. Radiative Heat Exchange Between a Flue Gas and a Heating Surface with Convection
4. Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds
4.1. Fundamental Concepts of Fluidized Beds
4.1.1. De. nition and Characteristics of Fluidized Beds
4.1.2. Basic CFB Boiler Structure
4.1.3. Different Types of CFB Boilers
4.1.4. CFB Boiler Characteristics
4.2. Convective Heat Transfer in Gas–Solid Flow
4.2.1. Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer Mechanism
4.2.2. Factors Impacting Two-Phase Heat Transfer
4.2.3. Two-Phase Flow Convective Heat Transfer
4.3. Radiative Heat Transfer in Gas–Solid Flow
4.4. Heat Transfer Calculation in a Circulating Fluidized Bed
4.4.1. In. uence of Heating Surface Size on Heat Transfer
4.4.2. CFB Boiler Gas Side Heat Transfer Coef. cient
5. Heat Transfer Calculation in Furnaces
5.1. Heat Transfer in Furnaces
5.1.1. Processes in the Furnace
5.1.2. Classi. cation of Heat Transfer Calculation Methods
5.1.3. Furnace Heat Transfer Calculation Equation
5.1.4. Flame Temperature
5.2. Heat Transfer Calculation in Suspension-Firing Furnaces
5.2.1. Gurvich Method
5.2.2. Calculation Method Instructions
5.2.3. Furnace Heat Transfer Calculation Examples
5.3. Heat Transfer Calculation in Grate Furnaces
5.3.1. Heat Transfer Calculation in Grate Furnaces in China
5.3.2. Heat Transfer Calculation in Grate-Firing Furnaces
5.4. Heat Transfer Calculation in Fluidized Bed Furnaces
5.4.1. Heat Transfer Calculation in Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Furnaces
5.4.2. CFB Furnace Structure and Characteristics
5.4.3. Heat Transfer Calculation in CFB Furnaces
5.5. Heat Transfer Calculation in Back-End Heating Surfaces
5.5.1. Basic Heat Transfer Equations
5.5.2. Heat Transfer Coef. cient
5.6. Thermal Calculation of the Boiler
5.6.1. Basic De. nitions of Boiler Heating Surfaces
5.6.2. Thermal Calculation Methods for Boilers
5.6.3. Thermal Calculation According to Different Furnace Types
6. Effects of Ash Deposition and Slagging on Heat Transfer
6.1. Ash Deposition and Slagging Processes and Characteristics
6.1.1. Deposition and Slagging
6.1.2. Formation and Characteristics of Deposition and Slagging
6.1.3. Damage of Deposition and Slagging
6.1.4. Ash Composition
6.2. Effects of Ash Deposition and Slagging on Heat Transfer in Furnaces
6.2.1. Heat Transfer Characteristics and Ash Layer Calculation with Slagging
6.2.2. Heat Transfer Calculation with Deposition and Slagging
6.3. Effects of Ash Deposition and Slagging on Heat Transfer in Convective Heating Surfaces
6.3.1. Effects of Severe Ash Deposition and Slagging
6.3.2. Basic Heat Transfer Equation for Convective Heating Surfaces
6.3.3. Coef. cients Evaluating the Ash Deposition Effect
7. Measuring Heat Transfer in the Furnace
7.1. Flame Emissivity Measurement
7.1.1. Bichromatic Optical Pyrometer
7.1.2. Auxiliary Radiative Resources
7.2. Radiative Flux Measurement
7.2.1. Conductive Radiation Heat Flux Meter
7.2.2. Capacitive Radiation Heat Flux Meter
7.2.3. Calorimetric Radiation Heat Flux Meter
7.3. Two Other Types of Heat Flux Meter
7.3.1. Heat Pipe Heat Flux Meter
7.3.2. Measuring Local Heat Transfer Coef. cient in CFB Furnaces
Appendix A. Common Physical Constants of Heat Radiation
Appendix B. Common Con. guration Factor Calculation Formulas
Appendix C. Example of Thermal Calculation of 113.89 kg/s (410 t/h)Ultra-High-Pressure, Coal-Fired Boiler Appendix D. Supplementary Materials
References
Subject Index