導言
Foreword to the second edition
Preface
Introduction
CHAPTER I Translators and the invention of alphabets
Ulfila, evangelist to the Goths
Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture
Cyril and Methodius among the Slavs
James Evans and the Cree of Canada
CHAPTER II Translators and the development of national languages
A language for England
The emancipation of French
Martin Luther: artisan of the German language
The flowering of the Swedish language
The evolution of the Gbaya language in Cameroon
Hebrew: a modern language for Israel
CHAPTER III Translators and the emergence of national literature
Joost van den Vondel and the Dutch Golden Age
Translating Shakespeare to/on the European Continent
Changing sides: the case of Ireland
Speaking intimately to the Scottish soul - in translation
Jorge Luis Borges and the birth of Argentine literature
Translation and cultural exchange in African literatures
CHAPTER IV Translators and the dissemination of knowledge
China: importing knowledge through translation
India: at the crossroads of translation
Baghdad: centre of Arabic translation
Medieval Spain: cultural exchange and rebirth
The Nordic countries: breaking down the barriers of isolation
Machine translation: machines as translators?
CHAPTER V Translators and the reins of power
The Balfour Declaration: "homeland" or "national home"?
Medieval translation enterprises from Baghdad to Western Europe
Toward multiple centres of power: the case of France
Translation as subversion: Italy and the Soviet Union
Conquest and colonization in the New World
Women translators: England, the Continent and North America
When translators wield power
Reframing translation in the twenty-first century
CHAPTER VI Translators and the spread of religions
Judaism: the oral and written word from ancient to modern times
Christianity: religious texts in the languages of the world
Islam: the Koran, untranslatable yet abundantly translated
Hinduism: the case of the Bhagavad Gita
Buddhism: the spread of the religion across East Asia
Translating the sacred texts of the East
CHAPTER VII Translators and the transmission of cultural values
The translator's letter home
The Koranic Orient and religious pluralism
Elizabethan England: translating with a purpose