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出版社:世界圖書出版公司
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ISBN:9787510005299
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作者:(英)李德
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頁數:431
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出版日期:2010-04-01
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印刷日期:2010-04-01
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包裝:平裝
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開本:16開
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版次:1
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印次:1
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《規範理論和現代粒子物理學導論》分為兩冊,詳細地介紹了粒子物理學的現代理論和實驗。條理分明,表述連貫。作者以簡明直觀的方式,闡釋隱藏在實驗現像背後的深刻的物理原理,同時循序漸進地講解從事粒子物理研究用到的現代方法。本書收入了許多粒子物理領域的新成果,還有若干很有特色的議題,例如高階弱電效應,誇克混合,噴流,深度非彈性輕子-強子散射,簡單部分子模型的量子色動力學修正,以及量子色動力學的非微擾理論等。本冊為第2卷,在介紹了CP破壞之後,主要講解量子色動力學及其在“硬”過程中的應用,同時也介紹了“軟”強子物理和非微擾量子色動力學。
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Preface Acknowledgements Notational conventions Note added in proof: the discovery of the top quark (?) Note added in proof: the demise of the SSC 18 Determination of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix 18.1 KM matrix elements from β-decay reactions 18.2 KM matrix elements from deep inelastic scattering 18.3 SuInmary 19 Mixing and CP violation 19.1 General phenomenology of mixing and CP violation 19.1.1 General formalism for mixing 19.1.2 General formalism for CP violation 19.1.3 Practical aspects of mixing and CP violation 19.2 Detailed phenomenology of CP violation in the K0-K0 system 19.2.1 Formalism and summary of data 19.2.2 Relation between phenomenological parameters and the CP-violating Hamiltonian 19.3 DynAmics of mixing and CP violation 19.3.1 Connection with the SM (weak) Hamiltonian 19.3.2 Estimate for e in the SM 19.3.3 Estimate of ε'/ε in the SM 19.3.4 Summary on e and ε' in the K0-K0 system 19.4 Dynamics of B0-B0 mixing 19.4.1 Mixing ignoring CP violation 19.4.2 CP violation in the B~-B~ system 20 Regularization, renormalization and introduction to the renormalization group 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Parameters and physical observables in a field theory 20.3 The idea of renormalization 20.4 Choice of cut-off procedure regularization 20.5 Choice of renormalization scheme 20.5.1 The momentum point subtraction (MPS) scheme 20.5.2 Renormalization schemes specifically linked to dimensional regularization (DR) 20.6 The renormalization group 20.7 A concrete example of different renormalization schemes 20.8 Consequences of the renormalization group equation 20.9 Scaling and asymptotic freedom 20.10 Appendix to Chapter 20 20.10.1 Definition of a d-dimensional integral 20.10.2 Questions of convergence and analytic continuation 20.10.3 Some useful d-dimensional integrals 20.10.4 Regularization of the 4-point vertex in φ4 theory 21 Gauge theories, QCD and the renormalization group 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Gauge theories: QED 21.2.1 Retaining Maxwell's equations for the field operators 21.2.2 Modifying Maxwell's equations for the field operators 21.3 Gauge theories: QCD 21.3.1 Differences between QCD and QED 21.4 Feynman rules for QCD 21.4.1 The propagators 21.4.2 The vertices 21.5 The renormalization group for QCD 21.5.1 Specification of the renormalization scheme in QCD 21.5.2 Consequences of the renormalization group in QCD 21.6 The effect of heavy quarks 21.7 The running coupling in QCD 21.7.1 Renormalization scheme dependence of a and A 21.8 Conclusion 22 Applications of the QCD renormalization group 22.1 e+e- → hadrons 22.2 Deep inelastic lepton scattering 22.2.1 The operator product expansion 22.2.2 Relating coefficient functions to moments of structure functions 22.2.3 Renormalization group analysis of coefficient functions 22.2.4 q2 dependence of the moments in leading order 22.2.5 An interpretation of the Q2 variation of parton distributions in leading logarithmic approximation 22.2.6 q2 dependence of the moments in higher order 22.2.7 Conclusion 23 The parton model in QCD 23.1 Partons in a field theoretic context 23.1.1 Heuristic reinterpretation of simple Feynman diagrams 23.1.2 Application to QCD 23.1.3 The parton model in field theory 23.2 QCD corrections to the parton model 23.2.1 Redefinition of fq/h 23.2.2 Collinear singularities--their physical origin 23.3 Structure of the leading logarithmic terms 23.4 Q2-dependent distribution functions 23.5 Summary of the evolution equations in LLA 23.6 Small x behaviour of the Q2-dependent gluon distribution in LLA 23.7 Behaviour of distributions as z → 1 in LLA 23.8 Beyond the LLA 23.9 Comparison with experiment in deep inelastic scattering 23.10 General form of the QCD-improved patton model 23.11 QCD corrections to Drell-Yan and W production 23.11.1 Drell-Yan production 23.11.2 Transverse momentum distribution of Drell-Yan pairs 23.11.3 Hadronic production of W and Z0 23.11.4 Transverse momentum distribution of W and Z0 23.12 Summary 24 Large Pr phenomena and jets in hadronic reactions 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Historical survey. Hard qq scattering 24.3 From quarks to hadrons 24.3.1 Inclusive reactions 24.3.2 Exclusive reactions 24.4 Comments on the QCD interpretation of large Pr phenomena 24.4.1 Evidence for jets 24.4.2 Inclusive jet production 24.4.3 Transverse momentum distribution with respect to the jet axis 24.5 Two-jet production at large Pr 24.5.1 Jet angular distribution 24.5.2 Tests of the Q2 evolution 24.5.3 Hadronic interactions at large Pr revisited 24.6 Prompt photons 24.7 Two and more jets in the final state 24.8 Jet fragmentation 24.9 Comments on O(a3) corrections and conclusions 25 Jets and hadrons in e+e- physics 25.1 Introduction 25.2 General outline of e+e- jets 25.2.1 Angular distribution of hadrons produced in e+e- collisions 25.3 SPEAR two-jet events 25.3.1 Sphericity 25.3.2 Jet axis 25.3.3 Corrections to e+e- → hadrons: multijets 25.4 Planar events: evidence for three jets 25.5 Tests ot'QCD up to LEP energies 25.6 The total hadronic width at the Z0 25.7 Basic Monte Carlo formulations 25.8 QCD Monte Carlo programs 25.8.1 The perturbative phase 25.8.2 The hadronization phase 25.9 Multiplicity 25.10 Global event-shape analysis 25.11 Jet definition or recombination schemes 25.12 Particle flow patterns in 3-jet events 25.13 To what extent is QCD being tested? 26 Low Pr or 'soft' hadronic physics 26.1 The total and elastic cross-sections 26.2 The differential cross-section 26.3 The real to imaginary ratio 26.4 The inclusive PT distribution 26.5 Diffractive dissociation 26.6 The average multiplicity 26.7 The multiplicity distribution of charged particles 26.8 Conclusions Note added in proof: the real to imaginary ratio, d, in pp elastic scattering 27 Some non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories 27.1 QCD sum rules 27.2 Lattice approach to QCD 27.3 The vacuum in quantum mechanics and instantons 27.3.1 An example in one-dimensional motion 27.4 The QCD vacuum and instantons 27.4.1 Degenerate vacua in classical field theory 27.4.2 The 8-vacuum in QCD 27.5 Strong CP violation and the U(1) problem 27.6 Baryon and lepton non-conservations: sphalerons 27.6.1 Degenerate vacua in the SM 27.6.2 Baryon and lepton numbers of the vacua 27.6.3 The sphaleron 28 Beyond the standard model 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The 'missing links' of the SM 28.3 Criticisms of the SM 28.3.1 The U(1) and 8 problems 28.3.2 Parameter counting 28.4 Grand unification theories (GUT) 28.5 Compositeness 28.6 Supersymmetry and supergravity Appendix 1: Elements of field theory A1.1 Fields and creation operators A1.2 Parity, charge conjugation and G-parity A1.2.1 Parity A1.2.2 Charge conjugation A1.2.3 G-parity A1.3 The S-matrix Appendix 2: Feynman rules for QED, QCD and the SM A2.1 Relation between S-matrix and Feynman amplitude A2.2 QCD and QED A2.3 The SM A2.4 Some examples of Feynman amplitudes A2.5 Colour sums A2.6 The Gell-Mann SU(3) matrices A2.7 The Fierz reshuffle theorem A2.8 Dimension of matrix elements Appendix 3: Conserved vector currents and their charges Appendix 4: Operator form of Feynman amplitudes and effective Hamiltonians Appendix 5: S-matrix, T-matrix and Feynman amplitude Appendix 6: Consequences of CPT invariance for matrix elements Appendix 7: Formulae for the basic partonic 2 → 2 processes A7.1 Reactions with only quarks and gluons A7.1.1 Comparison of paxton cross-section at 90° A7.2 Reactions with one photon A7.3 Reactions with two photons Appendix 8: Euclidean space conventions References Analytic subject index for vols. 1 and2
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