羊玢的《汽車踫撞頭部損傷生物力學（英文版）
》講述的是踫撞損傷分為開放性損傷和閉合性損傷兩
種。開放性損傷是力或衝擊能量集中地作用在人體上
，使其局部的載荷應力超出了破壞值所導致的損傷。
閉合性損傷通常是由一些鈍的物體通過一個較大的接
觸面與人體發生作用或者是慣性力作用的結果。踫撞
生物力學主要研究人體各部位在各種形式踫撞中的傷
害機理、對踫撞載荷的機械響應特性及傷害極限等。
踫撞生物力學的研究領域隻要針對於汽車踫撞帶來的
人體損傷而言的。汽車的行駛安全性包括主動安全性
和被動安全性。主動安全性是指汽車本身防止或減少
道路交通事故發生的性能；而被動安全性則是指交通
事故發生後，汽車本身減輕人員傷害和貨物損失的能
力。汽車被動安全性主要包括車身結構抗撞性、踫撞
生物力學、乘員約束繫統三方面。人體組織在踫撞過
程中所包含的有關力學稱為踫撞生物力學，它是汽車
被動安全技術開展及人體防護研究的重要基礎，主要
目的是了解傷害機理，定量描述人體生物力學響應。

Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Methods in Injury Biomechanics
1.1 Statistics， field studies， databases
1.2 Injury criteria， injury scales and injury risk
1.3 Basic technical definitions and accident reconstruction
1.4 Experimental models
1.5 Standardized test procedures
1.6 Numerical methods
Reference
Chapter 2 Head Injuries
2.1 Anatomy of the head
2.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms
2.3 Mechanical response of the head
2.4 Injury criteria for head injuries
2.4.1 Head Injury Criterion （HIC）
2.4.2 Head Protection Criterion （HPC）
2.4.3 ms criterion
2.5 Head injuries in sports
2.6 Head injury prevention
Reference
Chapter 3 Development of a Finite Element Head Model for the Study of Impact Head Injury
3.1 Segmentation
3.2 Models description
3.3 Mesh development
3.4 Material properties
Reference
Chapter 4 Validation of the New D Finite Element Head Model
4.1 Methods and materials
4.1.1 Interface conditions in the models
4.1.2 Nahum et al.’s experimental impacts
4.1.3 Trosseille et al.’s experimental impacts
4.1.4 Hardy et al.’s experimental impacts
4.2 Results and discussion
4.2.1 Impact force and intracranial acceleration response
4.2.2 The intracranial pressure （ICP）
4.2.3 The maximum von Mises stress in the brain
4.2.4 The maximum principal stress in the skull
4.2.5 Brain motion
4.2.6 Selected future improvement
4.3 Pedestrian accident reconstruction
4.3.1 Collision model development
4.3.2 Simulation result and analysis
4.4 Conclusions
Reference
Chapter 5 Modal and Dynamic Responses of the Human Head-neck Complex for Impact Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modal analysis of the finite element model
5.2.1 Governing equation and finite element method
5.2.2 Development of the D finite element head-neck model （FEHM）
5.2.3 Validation of the D finite element head-neck model
5.2.4 Frequency spectrum of the human head-neck complex
5.3 Discussion
5.3.1 Comparison of fundamental frequency
5.3.2 Effect of damping on resonant frequencies and biomechanical responses
5.3.3 Comparison of mode shapes
5.3.4 Limitations
5.4 Summary
Reference
Chapter 6 Biomechanical Study of the Facial Impact on Pedestrian Traumatic Brain Injury
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and methods
6.2.1 Boundary， loading and contact conditions
6.2.2 Result evaluation
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Stress wave propagation and facial fractures
6.3.2 Intracranial biomechanical parameters
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Summary
Reference
Chapter 7 Whiplash Injury
7.1 Anatomy of the spine
7.2 Injury mechanisms
7.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances
7.4 Injury criteria
7.5 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk
7.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury
7.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material
7.6.2 Controlling head restraint position
7.6.3 Controlling seat back motion
Reference
Chapter 8 Brain Dynamic Responses Due to Wave Propagation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods and materials
8.2.1 Finite element method （FEM）
8.2.2 Material properties
8.2.3 Boundary conditions
8.2.4 Contact and fluid-structure interaction （FSI）
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 Intracranial pressures （ICP）
8.3.2 Skull stress
8.3.3 Evaluation on different faceshield configuration
8.3.4 Discussion
8.4 Conclusions
Reference
Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommendations
9.1 Validation against three cadaveric experimental data
9.2 Modal and dynamic responses
9.3 Biomechanical study of the facial impact
9.4 Whiplash neck injury
9.5 Head injury due to concomitant wave
9.6 Recommendation for future work
Reference